Charles Darwin, born on 12 February 1809 who came up with the theory of natural selection. In a nutshell, the theory suggests that all species on earth evolved from a common ancestor. This thoery was the main explanation for evoulution in the 1930s and is the cornerstone of biology.
Darwin was supposed to study medicine at Edinburgh university but instead neglected his medicinal studies to research on marine invertebrates. He embarked on a 5 year voyage on the HMS Beagle and became a reknowned geologist who made observations and theories supporting Lyell's uniformatarian ideas. On his voyage,he collected fossils of wildlife that confused him which induced him to investigate the transmutation of species (The evolution of one species to another) which led to his theory of natural selection.
Because of his contribution to science he was one of five non-royal personages to be honoured with a state funeral when he passed away on 18 Apri 1882.
references:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin
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